![]() The scale bar represents 0.1 amino acid changes. The chevron highlights genes that were likely re-located after, or throughout duplication. The remotely related subfamily CYP712 was used as outgroup and the broken line indicates greater distance than shown. Phylogenetic tree of the Arabidopsis CYP705 family. (2001) with permission from American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. (A) and (B), upper segment of the stem, close to the flower bud (C) and (D), mid-stem (E) and (F), lower, well differentiated stem close to the rosette (G) and (H), root, ep, epidermis c, cortex px, protoxylem mx, metaxylem ph, phloem if, interfascicular region sx, secondary xylem vc, vascular cambium sph, secondary phloem pd, periderm. (A,C,E), and (G), lignin staining with phloroglucinol (B,D,F), and (H), immunostaining of CYP98A3. No blue staining was obtained with preimmune antibodies. In stems, prints were taken at increasing distances from the apical meristem to monitor temporal and developmental expression of CYP98A3 in conjunction with the differentiation of lignified tissues. Blue staining is indicative of CYP98A3 expression. Adjacent sections were printed onto nitrocellulose and revealed using anti-CYP98A3 polyclonal antibodies. Inspired by progress with the P450 BM3 enzyme, several artificial PORP450 fusions are known today. Hand-cut transversal sections of inflorescence stems and roots were stained with phloroglucinol HCl, a red coloration reflecting lignin content. The specific P450 was identified after the screening of 1,800 bacterial strains for their ability to hydroxylate L-limonene at the 7 position. Immunolocalization of the expression of CYP98A3 in stems and roots. Pollinated silique elongated to as much as 18 mm in one extreme case (right). (I) Self-pollinated wild-type silique (left) and pollinated mutant silique with wild type pollen (middle). However, a few ovules showed normal morphology (H). Most of the ovules were shriveled around the region where the embryo sac would be in the wild type (G). Part of one carpel was removed to view the ovules inside. One carpel was removed to view the inside (right). The silique of the mutant showed a parthenocarpic phenotype. ![]() Stigmatic papillae of elongating siliques were still intact. The siliques of mutants continued to elongate without fertilization. Cytochrome P450s ( CYP s) are xenobiotic detoxification genes found in most eukaryotes, and linked in insects to the tolerance of plant secondary chemicals and insecticide resistance. (C) Wild type siliques 14 days after emasculation (left), mutant siliques 3 days (middle), and 5 days (right) after anthesis. The single mutant pistils were longer and wider than those of the wild type. The length of the sepals and petals of mutant flowers did not differ from wild-type. (A) and (B) Wild-type (left) and mutant flowers (right). Reprinted from lto and Meyerowitz (2000). Phenotype resulting from the over-expression of CYP78A9.
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